Indonesia's Compliance with ACIA and its Implications for MSME Development
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64780/sshr.v1i1.19Keywords:
International Compliance, ACIA, MSMEs, , ASEAN, Investment RegimeAbstract
Background: Indonesia's engagement with the ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Agreement (ACIA) is intended to promote regional investment flows and support domestic economic development, especially for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Despite formal compliance, structural and institutional barriers remain, limiting the benefits MSMEs receive.
Aims: This study aims to evaluate the extent of Indonesia’s compliance with ACIA through three stages (output, outcome, and impact) and to analyse its influence on MSME development in Indonesia.
Methods: A descriptive qualitative approach was adopted, grounded in Ronald B. Mitchell’s compliance theory. Data were obtained from policy documents, academic literature, and official reports. Thematic content analysis was used to assess how formal commitments translate into domestic policy adjustments and real economic impacts for MSMEs.
Result: Indonesia has shown formal compliance by ratifying ACIA via Presidential Regulation No. 49/2011. Policy adjustments include initiatives promoting partnerships between foreign investors and local MSMEs. However, the impact remains limited due to poor digital literacy, weak institutional support, and a lack of targeted incentives. Although access to capital and markets has marginally improved, substantial transformation has yet to occur.
Conclusion: While Indonesia has formally complied with ACIA and introduced policies to empower MSMEs, the effectiveness of these measures is hindered by systemic weaknesses. The compliance process reflects symbolic and procedural alignment but lacks substantive integration at the grassroots economic level. Future efforts must focus on building institutional capacity, improving MSME readiness, and designing inclusive financing schemes. This study contributes to international regime theory by bridging global policy frameworks with domestic development agendas, positioning MSMEs as critical agents in the global political economy.
References
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Anggadini, S. D., Luckyardi, S., & Surtikanti, S. (2023). Development of Micro Small-Medium Business in Asian Countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand): A comparison in accounting behaviour. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR),10 (3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v10i3.1300
Gallo-Cajiao, E., Dolšak, N., Prakash, A., Mundkur, T., Harris, P. G., Mitchell, R. B., Davidson, N., Hansen, B., Woodworth, B. K., Fuller, R. A.., Price, M., Petkov, N., Mauerhofer, V., Morrison, T. H., Watson, J. E. M., Chowdhury, S. U., Zöckler, C., Widerberg, O., Yong, D. L., ... Biggs, D. (2023). Implications of Russia's invasion of Ukraine for the governance of biodiversity conservation. Frontiers in Conservation Science,4 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2023.989019
Hidayat, S., & Saripulloh, A. (2025). Lifelong Learning Education in Improving Labour Readiness in Indonesia through Effective Implementation. Addabani: Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Education,2 (2), Article 2.
Karim, M. F. (2023). Role conflict in International Relations: The case of Indonesia's regional and global engagements. International Relations,37 (1), 96-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/00471178211073880
Kusumaningtyas, R. O., Subekti, R., Jaelani, A. K., Orsantinutsakul, A., & Mishra, U. K. (2022). Reduction of Digitalisation Policy in Indonesian MSMEs and Implications for Sharia Economic Development. JURIS (Sharia Scientific Journal),21 (2), 157. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v21i2.6855
Lin, J. Y., Yang, Z., Li, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Development strategy and the MSMEs finance gap. Journal of Government and Economics,5 , 100034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jge.2022.100034
Maf'ullilahi Zakinah, Widia Grace Tayan, Axel Davina Zahra Kusuma, Raden Roro Inori Athalia Noreendra, Ayunda Adis Rizkia, & Lucitania Rizky. (2024). The Effectiveness of Unclos in Review of Illegal Fishing Cases in the Natuna Sea (2012-2021). WISSEN: Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities,2 (3), 183-200. https://doi.org/10.62383/wissen.v2i3.182
Marchese, M. (2021). Preferential tax regimes for MSMEs: Operational aspects, impact evidence and policy implications (Working Paper No. 33). ILO Working Paper. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/263099
Mustafa, C., & Komalasari, R. (2024). An Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment, Human Capital Dynamics, and Policy Imperatives in Indonesia. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4986272
Nasution, D. P., Hilmi, Ramadhan, R., Susilawati, F., Ikhsan, R., Nasution, L. N., & Sari, W. I. (2025). UTILISATION OF DIGITALISATION FOR MSME DEVELOPMENT AS A PILLAR OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. International Journal of Accounting, Management, Economics and Social Sciences (IJAMESC),3 (1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.61990/ijamesc.v3i1.467
Nursini, N. (2020). Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and poverty reduction: Empirical evidence from Indonesia. Development Studies Research,7 (1), 153-166. https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2020.1823238
Nuryanah, S., Mahabbatussalma, Fauziah, & and Satrio, A. A. (2023). Evaluation of Government Reform in Tax Administration: Evidence from Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia. International Journal of Public Administration,46 (5), 313-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2021.1995746
Pakpahan, A., Manik, W. R., Sirait, N. R. A., Munthe, F., Simanjuntak, M. L., & Saragih, T. E. (2025). INNOVATION AND ADAPTATION OF UMKM: FACING THE CHALLENGES OF COMPETITION IN THE PORSEA MARKET. Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Service (JUPEMI),3 (1), Article 1.
Rahmi, V. (2023). Compliance with the Implementation of UNSCR 1325 by South Korea as an Effort to Restore the Honour of Comfort Woman Victims as well as to Increase Women's Participation in the Issue of Reunification. Journal of International Relations Diponegoro,9 (1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.14710/jirud.v9i1.37244
Saifurrahman, A., & Kassim, S. H. (2023). Regulatory issues inhibiting the financial inclusion: A case study among Islamic banks and MSMEs in Indonesia. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets,16 (4), 589-617. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRFM-05-2022-0086
Singh, S., & Paliwal, M. (2017). Unleashing the growth potential of Indian MSME sector. Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe,20 (2), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.1515/cer-2017-0011
Sulaeman, M. M., Parwati, A. S., Saputra, M. S. A., & Abidin, K. (2024). Strategies for Improving the MSME Economy through the Imple- mentation of Technology-Based Business Management. 2(2).
Suryawati, D., Helpiastuti, S. B., Suji, S., Supranoto, S., Molasy, H. D., Firdaus, A., & Hidayah, N. (2025). Unlocking the Role of Actor Networks and Strategies for Developing Collaborations in Regional Featured MSEs. Borneo Administrator Journal,21 (1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.24258/jba.v21i1.1570
Sutanto, M. C. (2021). Consistency of Nationalisation (Expropriation) Arrangement of Asean Comprehensive Investment Agreement (Acia) with Indonesian Investment Law. ACTA DIURNAL Journal of Kenotariatan Law Science,4 (2), 295-314. https://doi.org/10.23920/acta.v4i2.597
Varga, J. (2021). Defining the Economic Role and Benefits of Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in the 21st Century with a Systematic Review of the Literature. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica,18 (11), 209-228. https://doi.org/10.12700/APH.18.11.2021.11.12
Waspiah, W., Rodiyah, R., Latifiani, D., & Arifin, R. (2020). How Economic Rights for SMEs are Protected? Analysis of National and International Property Rights Law. Indonesian Journal of Advocacy and Legal Services,2 (1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijals.v2i1.35285
Wicaksana, I. G. W., & and Karim, M. F. (2023). How regional organisations survive: ASEAN, hedging and international society. Contemporary Politics,29 (5), 659-679. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2023.2216031
Aggarwal, A., & Joshi, N. (2024). MSMEs' innovation: A barrier approach. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,31 (3), 552-573. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-07-2023-0304
Anggadini, S. D., Luckyardi, S., & Surtikanti, S. (2023). Development of Micro Small-Medium Business in Asian Countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand): A comparison in accounting behaviour. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR),10 (3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v10i3.1300
Gallo-Cajiao, E., Dolšak, N., Prakash, A., Mundkur, T., Harris, P. G., Mitchell, R. B., Davidson, N., Hansen, B., Woodworth, B. K., Fuller, R. A.., Price, M., Petkov, N., Mauerhofer, V., Morrison, T. H., Watson, J. E. M., Chowdhury, S. U., Zöckler, C., Widerberg, O., Yong, D. L., ... Biggs, D. (2023). Implications of Russia's invasion of Ukraine for the governance of biodiversity conservation. Frontiers in Conservation Science,4 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2023.989019
Hidayat, S., & Saripulloh, A. (2025). Lifelong Learning Education in Improving Labour Readiness in Indonesia through Effective Implementation. Addabani: Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Education,2 (2), Article 2.
Karim, M. F. (2023). Role conflict in International Relations: The case of Indonesia's regional and global engagements. International Relations,37 (1), 96-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/00471178211073880
Kusumaningtyas, R. O., Subekti, R., Jaelani, A. K., Orsantinutsakul, A., & Mishra, U. K. (2022). Reduction of Digitalisation Policy in Indonesian MSMEs and Implications for Sharia Economic Development. JURIS (Sharia Scientific Journal),21 (2), 157. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v21i2.6855
Lin, J. Y., Yang, Z., Li, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Development strategy and the MSMEs finance gap. Journal of Government and Economics,5 , 100034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jge.2022.100034
Maf'ullilahi Zakinah, Widia Grace Tayan, Axel Davina Zahra Kusuma, Raden Roro Inori Athalia Noreendra, Ayunda Adis Rizkia, & Lucitania Rizky. (2024). The Effectiveness of Unclos in Review of Illegal Fishing Cases in the Natuna Sea (2012-2021). WISSEN: Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities,2 (3), 183-200. https://doi.org/10.62383/wissen.v2i3.182
Marchese, M. (2021). Preferential tax regimes for MSMEs: Operational aspects, impact evidence and policy implications (Working Paper No. 33). ILO Working Paper. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/263099
Mustafa, C., & Komalasari, R. (2024). An Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment, Human Capital Dynamics, and Policy Imperatives in Indonesia. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4986272
Nasution, D. P., Hilmi, Ramadhan, R., Susilawati, F., Ikhsan, R., Nasution, L. N., & Sari, W. I. (2025). UTILISATION OF DIGITALISATION FOR MSME DEVELOPMENT AS A PILLAR OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. International Journal of Accounting, Management, Economics and Social Sciences (IJAMESC),3 (1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.61990/ijamesc.v3i1.467
Nursini, N. (2020). Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and poverty reduction: Empirical evidence from Indonesia. Development Studies Research,7 (1), 153-166. https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2020.1823238
Nuryanah, S., Mahabbatussalma, Fauziah, & and Satrio, A. A. (2023). Evaluation of Government Reform in Tax Administration: Evidence from Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia. International Journal of Public Administration,46 (5), 313-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2021.1995746
Pakpahan, A., Manik, W. R., Sirait, N. R. A., Munthe, F., Simanjuntak, M. L., & Saragih, T. E. (2025). INNOVATION AND ADAPTATION OF UMKM: FACING THE CHALLENGES OF COMPETITION IN THE PORSEA MARKET. Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Service (JUPEMI),3 (1), Article 1.
Rahmi, V. (2023). Compliance with the Implementation of UNSCR 1325 by South Korea as an Effort to Restore the Honour of Comfort Woman Victims as well as to Increase Women's Participation in the Issue of Reunification. Journal of International Relations Diponegoro,9 (1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.14710/jirud.v9i1.37244
Saifurrahman, A., & Kassim, S. H. (2023). Regulatory issues inhibiting the financial inclusion: A case study among Islamic banks and MSMEs in Indonesia. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets,16 (4), 589-617. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRFM-05-2022-0086
Singh, S., & Paliwal, M. (2017). Unleashing the growth potential of Indian MSME sector. Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe,20 (2), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.1515/cer-2017-0011
Sulaeman, M. M., Parwati, A. S., Saputra, M. S. A., & Abidin, K. (2024). Strategies for Improving the MSME Economy through the Imple- mentation of Technology-Based Business Management. 2(2).
Suryawati, D., Helpiastuti, S. B., Suji, S., Supranoto, S., Molasy, H. D., Firdaus, A., & Hidayah, N. (2025). Unlocking the Role of Actor Networks and Strategies for Developing Collaborations in Regional Featured MSEs. Borneo Administrator Journal,21 (1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.24258/jba.v21i1.1570
Sutanto, M. C. (2021). Consistency of Nationalisation (Expropriation) Arrangement of Asean Comprehensive Investment Agreement (Acia) with Indonesian Investment Law. ACTA DIURNAL Journal of Kenotariatan Law Science,4 (2), 295-314. https://doi.org/10.23920/acta.v4i2.597
Varga, J. (2021). Defining the Economic Role and Benefits of Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in the 21st Century with a Systematic Review of the Literature. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica,18 (11), 209-228. https://doi.org/10.12700/APH.18.11.2021.11.12
Waspiah, W., Rodiyah, R., Latifiani, D., & Arifin, R. (2020). How Economic Rights for SMEs are Protected? Analysis of National and International Property Rights Law. Indonesian Journal of Advocacy and Legal Services,2 (1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijals.v2i1.35285
Wicaksana, I. G. W., & and Karim, M. F. (2023). How regional organisations survive: ASEAN, hedging and international society. Contemporary Politics,29 (5), 659-679. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2023.2216031
Aggarwal, A., & Joshi, N. (2024). MSMEs' innovation: A barrier approach. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,31 (3), 552-573. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-07-2023-0304
Anggadini, S. D., Luckyardi, S., & Surtikanti, S. (2023). Development of Micro Small-Medium Business in Asian Countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand): A comparison in accounting behaviour. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR),10 (3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v10i3.1300
Gallo-Cajiao, E., Dolšak, N., Prakash, A., Mundkur, T., Harris, P. G., Mitchell, R. B., Davidson, N., Hansen, B., Woodworth, B. K., Fuller, R. A.., Price, M., Petkov, N., Mauerhofer, V., Morrison, T. H., Watson, J. E. M., Chowdhury, S. U., Zöckler, C., Widerberg, O., Yong, D. L., ... Biggs, D. (2023). Implications of Russia's invasion of Ukraine for the governance of biodiversity conservation. Frontiers in Conservation Science,4 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2023.989019
Hidayat, S., & Saripulloh, A. (2025). Lifelong Learning Education in Improving Labour Readiness in Indonesia through Effective Implementation. Addabani: Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Education,2 (2), Article 2.
Karim, M. F. (2023). Role conflict in International Relations: The case of Indonesia's regional and global engagements. International Relations,37 (1), 96-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/00471178211073880
Kusumaningtyas, R. O., Subekti, R., Jaelani, A. K., Orsantinutsakul, A., & Mishra, U. K. (2022). Reduction of Digitalisation Policy in Indonesian MSMEs and Implications for Sharia Economic Development. JURIS (Sharia Scientific Journal),21 (2), 157. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v21i2.6855
Lin, J. Y., Yang, Z., Li, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Development strategy and the MSMEs finance gap. Journal of Government and Economics,5 , 100034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jge.2022.100034
Maf'ullilahi Zakinah, Widia Grace Tayan, Axel Davina Zahra Kusuma, Raden Roro Inori Athalia Noreendra, Ayunda Adis Rizkia, & Lucitania Rizky. (2024). The Effectiveness of Unclos in Review of Illegal Fishing Cases in the Natuna Sea (2012-2021). WISSEN: Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities,2 (3), 183-200. https://doi.org/10.62383/wissen.v2i3.182
Marchese, M. (2021). Preferential tax regimes for MSMEs: Operational aspects, impact evidence and policy implications (Working Paper No. 33). ILO Working Paper. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/263099
Mustafa, C., & Komalasari, R. (2024). An Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment, Human Capital Dynamics, and Policy Imperatives in Indonesia. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4986272
Nasution, D. P., Hilmi, Ramadhan, R., Susilawati, F., Ikhsan, R., Nasution, L. N., & Sari, W. I. (2025). UTILISATION OF DIGITALISATION FOR MSME DEVELOPMENT AS A PILLAR OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. International Journal of Accounting, Management, Economics and Social Sciences (IJAMESC),3 (1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.61990/ijamesc.v3i1.467
Nursini, N. (2020). Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and poverty reduction: Empirical evidence from Indonesia. Development Studies Research,7 (1), 153-166. https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2020.1823238
Nuryanah, S., Mahabbatussalma, Fauziah, & and Satrio, A. A. (2023). Evaluation of Government Reform in Tax Administration: Evidence from Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia. International Journal of Public Administration,46 (5), 313-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2021.1995746
Pakpahan, A., Manik, W. R., Sirait, N. R. A., Munthe, F., Simanjuntak, M. L., & Saragih, T. E. (2025). INNOVATION AND ADAPTATION OF UMKM: FACING THE CHALLENGES OF COMPETITION IN THE PORSEA MARKET. Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Service (JUPEMI),3 (1), Article 1.
Rahmi, V. (2023). Compliance with the Implementation of UNSCR 1325 by South Korea as an Effort to Restore the Honour of Comfort Woman Victims as well as to Increase Women's Participation in the Issue of Reunification. Journal of International Relations Diponegoro,9 (1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.14710/jirud.v9i1.37244
Saifurrahman, A., & Kassim, S. H. (2023). Regulatory issues inhibiting the financial inclusion: A case study among Islamic banks and MSMEs in Indonesia. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets,16 (4), 589-617. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRFM-05-2022-0086
Singh, S., & Paliwal, M. (2017). Unleashing the growth potential of Indian MSME sector. Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe,20 (2), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.1515/cer-2017-0011
Sulaeman, M. M., Parwati, A. S., Saputra, M. S. A., & Abidin, K. (2024). Strategies for Improving the MSME Economy through the Imple- mentation of Technology-Based Business Management. 2(2).
Suryawati, D., Helpiastuti, S. B., Suji, S., Supranoto, S., Molasy, H. D., Firdaus, A., & Hidayah, N. (2025). Unlocking the Role of Actor Networks and Strategies for Developing Collaborations in Regional Featured MSEs. Borneo Administrator Journal,21 (1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.24258/jba.v21i1.1570
Sutanto, M. C. (2021). Consistency of Nationalisation (Expropriation) Arrangement of Asean Comprehensive Investment Agreement (Acia) with Indonesian Investment Law. ACTA DIURNAL Journal of Kenotariatan Law Science,4 (2), 295-314. https://doi.org/10.23920/acta.v4i2.597
Varga, J. (2021). Defining the Economic Role and Benefits of Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in the 21st Century with a Systematic Review of the Literature. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica,18 (11), 209-228. https://doi.org/10.12700/APH.18.11.2021.11.12
Waspiah, W., Rodiyah, R., Latifiani, D., & Arifin, R. (2020). How Economic Rights for SMEs are Protected? Analysis of National and International Property Rights Law. Indonesian Journal of Advocacy and Legal Services,2 (1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijals.v2i1.35285
Wicaksana, I. G. W., & and Karim, M. F. (2023). How regional organisations survive: ASEAN, hedging and international society. Contemporary Politics,29 (5), 659-679. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2023.2216031
Aggarwal, A., & Joshi, N. (2024). MSMEs' innovation: A barrier approach. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,31 (3), 552-573. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-07-2023-0304
Anggadini, S. D., Luckyardi, S., & Surtikanti, S. (2023). Development of Micro Small-Medium Business in Asian Countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand): A comparison in accounting behaviour. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR),10 (3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v10i3.1300
Gallo-Cajiao, E., Dolšak, N., Prakash, A., Mundkur, T., Harris, P. G., Mitchell, R. B., Davidson, N., Hansen, B., Woodworth, B. K., Fuller, R. A.., Price, M., Petkov, N., Mauerhofer, V., Morrison, T. H., Watson, J. E. M., Chowdhury, S. U., Zöckler, C., Widerberg, O., Yong, D. L., ... Biggs, D. (2023). Implications of Russia's invasion of Ukraine for the governance of biodiversity conservation. Frontiers in Conservation Science,4 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2023.989019
Hidayat, S., & Saripulloh, A. (2025). Lifelong Learning Education in Improving Labour Readiness in Indonesia through Effective Implementation. Addabani: Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Education,2 (2), Article 2.
Karim, M. F. (2023). Role conflict in International Relations: The case of Indonesia's regional and global engagements. International Relations,37 (1), 96-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/00471178211073880
Kusumaningtyas, R. O., Subekti, R., Jaelani, A. K., Orsantinutsakul, A., & Mishra, U. K. (2022). Reduction of Digitalisation Policy in Indonesian MSMEs and Implications for Sharia Economic Development. JURIS (Sharia Scientific Journal),21 (2), 157. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v21i2.6855
Lin, J. Y., Yang, Z., Li, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Development strategy and the MSMEs finance gap. Journal of Government and Economics,5 , 100034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jge.2022.100034
Maf'ullilahi Zakinah, Widia Grace Tayan, Axel Davina Zahra Kusuma, Raden Roro Inori Athalia Noreendra, Ayunda Adis Rizkia, & Lucitania Rizky. (2024). The Effectiveness of Unclos in Review of Illegal Fishing Cases in the Natuna Sea (2012-2021). WISSEN: Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities,2 (3), 183-200. https://doi.org/10.62383/wissen.v2i3.182
Marchese, M. (2021). Preferential tax regimes for MSMEs: Operational aspects, impact evidence and policy implications (Working Paper No. 33). ILO Working Paper. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/263099
Mustafa, C., & Komalasari, R. (2024). An Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment, Human Capital Dynamics, and Policy Imperatives in Indonesia. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4986272
Nasution, D. P., Hilmi, Ramadhan, R., Susilawati, F., Ikhsan, R., Nasution, L. N., & Sari, W. I. (2025). UTILISATION OF DIGITALISATION FOR MSME DEVELOPMENT AS A PILLAR OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. International Journal of Accounting, Management, Economics and Social Sciences (IJAMESC),3 (1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.61990/ijamesc.v3i1.467
Nursini, N. (2020). Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and poverty reduction: Empirical evidence from Indonesia. Development Studies Research,7 (1), 153-166. https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2020.1823238
Nuryanah, S., Mahabbatussalma, Fauziah, & and Satrio, A. A. (2023). Evaluation of Government Reform in Tax Administration: Evidence from Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia. International Journal of Public Administration,46 (5), 313-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2021.1995746
Pakpahan, A., Manik, W. R., Sirait, N. R. A., Munthe, F., Simanjuntak, M. L., & Saragih, T. E. (2025). INNOVATION AND ADAPTATION OF UMKM: FACING THE CHALLENGES OF COMPETITION IN THE PORSEA MARKET. Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Service (JUPEMI),3 (1), Article 1.
Rahmi, V. (2023). Compliance with the Implementation of UNSCR 1325 by South Korea as an Effort to Restore the Honour of Comfort Woman Victims as well as to Increase Women's Participation in the Issue of Reunification. Journal of International Relations Diponegoro,9 (1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.14710/jirud.v9i1.37244
Saifurrahman, A., & Kassim, S. H. (2023). Regulatory issues inhibiting the financial inclusion: A case study among Islamic banks and MSMEs in Indonesia. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets,16 (4), 589-617. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRFM-05-2022-0086
Singh, S., & Paliwal, M. (2017). Unleashing the growth potential of Indian MSME sector. Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe,20 (2), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.1515/cer-2017-0011
Sulaeman, M. M., Parwati, A. S., Saputra, M. S. A., & Abidin, K. (2024). Strategies for Improving the MSME Economy through the Imple- mentation of Technology-Based Business Management. 2(2).
Suryawati, D., Helpiastuti, S. B., Suji, S., Supranoto, S., Molasy, H. D., Firdaus, A., & Hidayah, N. (2025). Unlocking the Role of Actor Networks and Strategies for Developing Collaborations in Regional Featured MSEs. Borneo Administrator Journal,21 (1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.24258/jba.v21i1.1570
Sutanto, M. C. (2021). Consistency of Nationalisation (Expropriation) Arrangement of Asean Comprehensive Investment Agreement (Acia) with Indonesian Investment Law. ACTA DIURNAL Journal of Kenotariatan Law Science,4 (2), 295-314. https://doi.org/10.23920/acta.v4i2.597
Varga, J. (2021). Defining the Economic Role and Benefits of Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in the 21st Century with a Systematic Review of the Literature. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica,18 (11), 209-228. https://doi.org/10.12700/APH.18.11.2021.11.12
Waspiah, W., Rodiyah, R., Latifiani, D., & Arifin, R. (2020). How Economic Rights for SMEs are Protected? Analysis of National and International Property Rights Law. Indonesian Journal of Advocacy and Legal Services,2 (1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijals.v2i1.35285
Wicaksana, I. G. W., & and Karim, M. F. (2023). How regional organisations survive: ASEAN, hedging and international society. Contemporary Politics,29 (5), 659-679. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2023.2216031
Aggarwal, A., & Joshi, N. (2024). MSMEs' innovation: A barrier approach. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,31 (3), 552-573. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-07-2023-0304
Anggadini, S. D., Luckyardi, S., & Surtikanti, S. (2023). Development of Micro Small-Medium Business in Asian Countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand): A comparison in accounting behaviour. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR),10 (3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v10i3.1300
Gallo-Cajiao, E., Dolšak, N., Prakash, A., Mundkur, T., Harris, P. G., Mitchell, R. B., Davidson, N., Hansen, B., Woodworth, B. K., Fuller, R. A.., Price, M., Petkov, N., Mauerhofer, V., Morrison, T. H., Watson, J. E. M., Chowdhury, S. U., Zöckler, C., Widerberg, O., Yong, D. L., ... Biggs, D. (2023). Implications of Russia's invasion of Ukraine for the governance of biodiversity conservation. Frontiers in Conservation Science,4 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2023.989019
Hidayat, S., & Saripulloh, A. (2025). Lifelong Learning Education in Improving Labour Readiness in Indonesia through Effective Implementation. Addabani: Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Education,2 (2), Article 2.
Karim, M. F. (2023). Role conflict in International Relations: The case of Indonesia's regional and global engagements. International Relations,37 (1), 96-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/00471178211073880
Kusumaningtyas, R. O., Subekti, R., Jaelani, A. K., Orsantinutsakul, A., & Mishra, U. K. (2022). Reduction of Digitalisation Policy in Indonesian MSMEs and Implications for Sharia Economic Development. JURIS (Sharia Scientific Journal),21 (2), 157. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v21i2.6855
Lin, J. Y., Yang, Z., Li, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Development strategy and the MSMEs finance gap. Journal of Government and Economics,5 , 100034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jge.2022.100034
Maf'ullilahi Zakinah, Widia Grace Tayan, Axel Davina Zahra Kusuma, Raden Roro Inori Athalia Noreendra, Ayunda Adis Rizkia, & Lucitania Rizky. (2024). The Effectiveness of Unclos in Review of Illegal Fishing Cases in the Natuna Sea (2012-2021). WISSEN: Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities,2 (3), 183-200. https://doi.org/10.62383/wissen.v2i3.182
Marchese, M. (2021). Preferential tax regimes for MSMEs: Operational aspects, impact evidence and policy implications (Working Paper No. 33). ILO Working Paper. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/263099
Mustafa, C., & Komalasari, R. (2024). An Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment, Human Capital Dynamics, and Policy Imperatives in Indonesia. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4986272
Nasution, D. P., Hilmi, Ramadhan, R., Susilawati, F., Ikhsan, R., Nasution, L. N., & Sari, W. I. (2025). UTILISATION OF DIGITALISATION FOR MSME DEVELOPMENT AS A PILLAR OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. International Journal of Accounting, Management, Economics and Social Sciences (IJAMESC),3 (1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.61990/ijamesc.v3i1.467
Nursini, N. (2020). Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and poverty reduction: Empirical evidence from Indonesia. Development Studies Research,7 (1), 153-166. https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2020.1823238
Nuryanah, S., Mahabbatussalma, Fauziah, & and Satrio, A. A. (2023). Evaluation of Government Reform in Tax Administration: Evidence from Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia. International Journal of Public Administration,46 (5), 313-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2021.1995746
Pakpahan, A., Manik, W. R., Sirait, N. R. A., Munthe, F., Simanjuntak, M. L., & Saragih, T. E. (2025). INNOVATION AND ADAPTATION OF UMKM: FACING THE CHALLENGES OF COMPETITION IN THE PORSEA MARKET. Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Service (JUPEMI),3 (1), Article 1.
Rahmi, V. (2023). Compliance with the Implementation of UNSCR 1325 by South Korea as an Effort to Restore the Honour of Comfort Woman Victims as well as to Increase Women's Participation in the Issue of Reunification. Journal of International Relations Diponegoro,9 (1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.14710/jirud.v9i1.37244
Saifurrahman, A., & Kassim, S. H. (2023). Regulatory issues inhibiting the financial inclusion: A case study among Islamic banks and MSMEs in Indonesia. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets,16 (4), 589-617. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRFM-05-2022-0086
Singh, S., & Paliwal, M. (2017). Unleashing the growth potential of Indian MSME sector. Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe,20 (2), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.1515/cer-2017-0011
Sulaeman, M. M., Parwati, A. S., Saputra, M. S. A., & Abidin, K. (2024). Strategies for Improving the MSME Economy through the Imple- mentation of Technology-Based Business Management. 2(2).
Suryawati, D., Helpiastuti, S. B., Suji, S., Supranoto, S., Molasy, H. D., Firdaus, A., & Hidayah, N. (2025). Unlocking the Role of Actor Networks and Strategies for Developing Collaborations in Regional Featured MSEs. Borneo Administrator Journal,21 (1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.24258/jba.v21i1.1570
Sutanto, M. C. (2021). Consistency of Nationalisation (Expropriation) Arrangement of Asean Comprehensive Investment Agreement (Acia) with Indonesian Investment Law. ACTA DIURNAL Journal of Kenotariatan Law Science,4 (2), 295-314. https://doi.org/10.23920/acta.v4i2.597
Varga, J. (2021). Defining the Economic Role and Benefits of Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in the 21st Century with a Systematic Review of the Literature. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica,18 (11), 209-228. https://doi.org/10.12700/APH.18.11.2021.11.12
Waspiah, W., Rodiyah, R., Latifiani, D., & Arifin, R. (2020). How Economic Rights for SMEs are Protected? Analysis of National and International Property Rights Law. Indonesian Journal of Advocacy and Legal Services,2 (1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijals.v2i1.35285
Wicaksana, I. G. W., & and Karim, M. F. (2023). How regional organisations survive: ASEAN, hedging and international society. Contemporary Politics,29 (5), 659-679. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2023.2216031
Aggarwal, A., & Joshi, N. (2024). MSMEs' innovation: A barrier approach. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,31 (3), 552-573. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-07-2023-0304
Anggadini, S. D., Luckyardi, S., & Surtikanti, S. (2023). Development of Micro Small-Medium Business in Asian Countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand): A comparison in accounting behaviour. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR),10 (3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v10i3.1300
Gallo-Cajiao, E., Dolšak, N., Prakash, A., Mundkur, T., Harris, P. G., Mitchell, R. B., Davidson, N., Hansen, B., Woodworth, B. K., Fuller, R. A.., Price, M., Petkov, N., Mauerhofer, V., Morrison, T. H., Watson, J. E. M., Chowdhury, S. U., Zöckler, C., Widerberg, O., Yong, D. L., ... Biggs, D. (2023). Implications of Russia's invasion of Ukraine for the governance of biodiversity conservation. Frontiers in Conservation Science,4 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2023.989019
Hidayat, S., & Saripulloh, A. (2025). Lifelong Learning Education in Improving Labour Readiness in Indonesia through Effective Implementation. Addabani: Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Education,2 (2), Article 2.
Karim, M. F. (2023). Role conflict in International Relations: The case of Indonesia's regional and global engagements. International Relations,37 (1), 96-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/00471178211073880
Kusumaningtyas, R. O., Subekti, R., Jaelani, A. K., Orsantinutsakul, A., & Mishra, U. K. (2022). Reduction of Digitalisation Policy in Indonesian MSMEs and Implications for Sharia Economic Development. JURIS (Sharia Scientific Journal),21 (2), 157. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v21i2.6855
Lin, J. Y., Yang, Z., Li, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Development strategy and the MSMEs finance gap. Journal of Government and Economics,5 , 100034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jge.2022.100034
Maf'ullilahi Zakinah, Widia Grace Tayan, Axel Davina Zahra Kusuma, Raden Roro Inori Athalia Noreendra, Ayunda Adis Rizkia, & Lucitania Rizky. (2024). The Effectiveness of Unclos in Review of Illegal Fishing Cases in the Natuna Sea (2012-2021). WISSEN: Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities,2 (3), 183-200. https://doi.org/10.62383/wissen.v2i3.182
Marchese, M. (2021). Preferential tax regimes for MSMEs: Operational aspects, impact evidence and policy implications (Working Paper No. 33). ILO Working Paper. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/263099
Mustafa, C., & Komalasari, R. (2024). An Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment, Human Capital Dynamics, and Policy Imperatives in Indonesia. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4986272
Nasution, D. P., Hilmi, Ramadhan, R., Susilawati, F., Ikhsan, R., Nasution, L. N., & Sari, W. I. (2025). UTILISATION OF DIGITALISATION FOR MSME DEVELOPMENT AS A PILLAR OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. International Journal of Accounting, Management, Economics and Social Sciences (IJAMESC),3 (1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.61990/ijamesc.v3i1.467
Nursini, N. (2020). Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and poverty reduction: Empirical evidence from Indonesia. Development Studies Research,7 (1), 153-166. https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2020.1823238
Nuryanah, S., Mahabbatussalma, Fauziah, & and Satrio, A. A. (2023). Evaluation of Government Reform in Tax Administration: Evidence from Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia. International Journal of Public Administration,46 (5), 313-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2021.1995746
Pakpahan, A., Manik, W. R., Sirait, N. R. A., Munthe, F., Simanjuntak, M. L., & Saragih, T. E. (2025). INNOVATION AND ADAPTATION OF UMKM: FACING THE CHALLENGES OF COMPETITION IN THE PORSEA MARKET. Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Service (JUPEMI),3 (1), Article 1.
Rahmi, V. (2023). Compliance with the Implementation of UNSCR 1325 by South Korea as an Effort to Restore the Honour of Comfort Woman Victims as well as to Increase Women's Participation in the Issue of Reunification. Journal of International Relations Diponegoro,9 (1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.14710/jirud.v9i1.37244
Saifurrahman, A., & Kassim, S. H. (2023). Regulatory issues inhibiting the financial inclusion: A case study among Islamic banks and MSMEs in Indonesia. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets,16 (4), 589-617. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRFM-05-2022-0086
Singh, S., & Paliwal, M. (2017). Unleashing the growth potential of Indian MSME sector. Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe,20 (2), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.1515/cer-2017-0011
Sulaeman, M. M., Parwati, A. S., Saputra, M. S. A., & Abidin, K. (2024). Strategies for Improving the MSME Economy through the Imple- mentation of Technology-Based Business Management. 2(2).
Suryawati, D., Helpiastuti, S. B., Suji, S., Supranoto, S., Molasy, H. D., Firdaus, A., & Hidayah, N. (2025). Unlocking the Role of Actor Networks and Strategies for Developing Collaborations in Regional Featured MSEs. Borneo Administrator Journal,21 (1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.24258/jba.v21i1.1570
Sutanto, M. C. (2021). Consistency of Nationalisation (Expropriation) Arrangement of Asean Comprehensive Investment Agreement (Acia) with Indonesian Investment Law. ACTA DIURNAL Journal of Kenotariatan Law Science,4 (2), 295-314. https://doi.org/10.23920/acta.v4i2.597
Varga, J. (2021). Defining the Economic Role and Benefits of Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in the 21st Century with a Systematic Review of the Literature. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica,18 (11), 209-228. https://doi.org/10.12700/APH.18.11.2021.11.12
Waspiah, W., Rodiyah, R., Latifiani, D., & Arifin, R. (2020). How Economic Rights for SMEs are Protected? Analysis of National and International Property Rights Law. Indonesian Journal of Advocacy and Legal Services,2 (1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijals.v2i1.35285
Wicaksana, I. G. W., & and Karim, M. F. (2023). How regional organisations survive: ASEAN, hedging and international society. Contemporary Politics,29 (5), 659-679. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2023.2216031
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